3 ‘I’ as the
transcendental subject of thoughts = X
3.1 Pure
Apperception (or self-conscious-perception)
The
sense of self, ‘I’, seems to be most certain.
In the western modern orthodoxy, ‘I’ is the basis of cognition and agency
(although, as a native speaker of Japanese which does not obligate the use of ‘I’,
such certainty was not so much felt before I began to use English as a second
language in my college days). Kant
argues that the sense of ‘I’ is something that accompanies with thought,
something that is presumed to be exist prior to any experience (a priori), but not a substance that
exists on its own. ‘I’ is found (or
demanded) whenever a bunch of intuitions are present. The logic here seems circular, for it is: ‘I’
must exist because there is ‘my’ perception and thought, and ‘my’ perception
and thought are only possible because ‘I’ exist.
It
must be possible for the I think to accompany all my
representations: for otherwise something would be represented within me that
could not be thought at all, in other words, the representation would either be
impossible, or at least would be nothing to me.
That representation which can be given prior to all thought is called intuition, and all the manifold of intuition
has, therefore, a necessary relation to the I think in the same subject in which this manifold of intuition is
found. (124)
Das: Ich denke, muß
alle meine Vorstellungen begleiten können; denn sonst würde etwas in mir
vorgestellt werden, was garnicht gedacht werden könnte, welches ebensoviel
heißt, als die Vorstellung würde entweder unmöglich, oder wenigstens für mich
nichts sein. Diejenige
Vorstellung, die vor allem Denken gegeben sein kann, heißt Anschauung. Also hat
alles Mannigfaltige der Anschauung eine notwendige Beziehung auf das: Ich denke, in demselben Subjekt, darin
dieses Mannigfaltige angetroffen wird. (B131)
Although
‘I’ is something that accompanies with perception (Intuition, in Kantian
terminology), ‘I’ is not given from the outside world but emerges spontaneously. Kant calls what produces the sense of ‘I’ Pure Apperception (reine Apperzeption). (I believe Apperzeption may better be
translated as “self-conscious-perception”.
Ordinary apperceptions of things are “self-conscious-perception of
things”, i.e., perception of things with the sense that it is ‘I’ that perceives
them. Pure apperception (reine
Apperzeption) is the sheer sense of ‘I’ that must exist whenever any perception
is experienced.
This
representation (the I think ), however, is an act of
spontaneity, that is, it cannot be considered as belonging to sensibility. I call it pure apperception, in order to distinguish it from empirical
apperception, or also original apperception, because it is that self-consciousness
which, by producing the representation, I
think (which must be capable of accompanying all other representations, and
which is one and the same in all consciousness), cannot itself be accompanied
by any further representations. (124-125)
Diese
Vorstellung aber ist ein Aktus der Spontaneität, d.i. sie kann nicht als zur
Sinnlichkeit gehörig angesehen werden. Ich nenne sie die reine Apperzeption, um sie von der empirischen zu unterscheiden, oder auch die ursprüngliche Apperzeption, weil sie dasjenige Selbstbewußtsein
ist, was, indem es die Vorstellung Ich denke hervorbringt, die alle anderen muß
begleiten können, und in allem Bewußtsein ein und dasselbe ist, von keiner
weiter begleitet werden kann. (B132)
This ‘I’
known to me, hence my knowledge, by pure Apperception
(self-conscious-perception), does not require any experience and therefore is transcendental
knowledge. (NB. ‘Knowledge’ here is used
as a translation word for “Erkenntnis”).
‘I’, the transcendental unity of self-consciousness, seems to exist
quite whenever perception or thought is experienced in whatever ways possible.
I
also call the unity of apperception the transcendental
unity of self-consciousness, in order to indicate that a priori knowledge can
be obtained from it. For the manifold representations given in an intuition
would not one and all be my
representations, if they did not all belong to one self-consciousness. What I mean is that, as my representations
(even though I am not conscious of them as that), they must conform to the condition
under which alone they can stand
together in one universal self-consciousness, because otherwise they would not
one and all belong to me. (125)
Ich
nenne auch die Einheit derselben die transzendentale
Einheit des Selbstbewußtseins, um die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis a priori
aus ihr zu bezeichnen. Denn die mannigfaltigen Vorstellungen, die in einer
gewissen Anschauung gegeben werden, würden nicht insgesamt meine Vorstellungen
sein, wenn sie nicht insgesamt zu einem Selbstbewußtsein gehörten, d.i. als
meine Vorstellungen (ob ich mich ihrer gleich nicht als solcher bewußt bin)
müssen sie doch der Bedingung notwendig gemäß sein, unter der sie allein in
einem allgemeinen Selbstbewußtsein zusammenstehen können, weil sie sonst nicht
durchgängig mir angehören würden. (B132)
Intuitions
are given in Sensibility and these Intuitions are combined and united in
Concepts in Understanding. ‘I’ is
required as the center of combination and unity.
The
supreme principle of the possibility of all intuition in relation to
sensibility was, according to the Transcendental Aesthetic, that all the
manifold in intuitions is subject to the formal conditions of space and
time. The supreme principle of the same
possibility in relation to the understanding is that all the manifold in
intuition is subject to the conditions of the original synthetic unity of
apperception. All the manifold
representations of intuition, as far as they are given to
us, are subject to the first principle; as far as they must admit of being
combined in one consciousness, to the second. For without this combination nothing can be
thought or known through these representations, because the given
representations would not have in common the act of apperception, I
think, and thus could not be comprehended in one
self-consciousness. (129-130)
Der
oberste Grundsatz der Möglichkeit aller Anschauung in Beziehung auf die
Sinnlichkeit war laut der transz. Ästhetik: daß alles Mannigfaltige derselben
unter den formalen Bedingungen des Raumes und der Zeit stehen. Der oberste
Grundsatz eben derselben in Beziehung auf den Verstand ist: daß alles
Mannigfaltige der Anschauung unter Bedingungen der ursprünglich-synthetischen
Einheit der Apperzeption stehe*. Unter dem ersteren stehen alle mannigfaltigen
Vorstellungen der Anschauung, sofern sie uns gegeben werden, unter dem zweiten
sofern sie in einem Bewußtsein müssen verbunden
werden können; denn ohne das kann nichts dadurch gedacht oder erkannt werden,
weil die gegebenen Vorstellungen den Aktus der Apperzeption, Ich denke, nicht gemein haben, und
dadurch nicht in einem Selbstbewußtsein zusammengefaßt sein würden. (B136-137)
At
this center of perception as Apperception, Intuitions are united and synthesized
to become my knowledge. In this sense,
if there is to be pure knowledge, it
must be Apperception itself that is known to me whatever the content of
knowledge may be.
The
first pure knowledge of the understanding, therefore, on which all the rest of
its use is founded, and which at the same time is entirely independent of all
conditions of sensible intuition, is this very original synthetic unity of apperception.
(131).
Das
erste reine Verstandeserkenntnis also, worauf sein ganzer übriger Gebrauch sich
gründet, welches auch zugleich von allen Bedingungen der sinnlichen Anschauung
ganz unabhängig ist, ist nun der Grundsatz der ursprünglichen synthetischen Einheit der
Apperzeption. (B137-138)
However,
in this first pure knowledge, pure Apperception, I do not know WHAT I am or HOW I am. I only know THAT I am, and as this knowledge is not given from the outside world, this
sense of That I am is thought in
Understanding.
In
the transcendental synthesis of the manifold of representations in general, on
the contrary, and therefore in the synthetic original unity of apperception, I
am not conscious of myself as I appear to myself, nor as I am in myself, but
conscious only that I am. This representation
is an act of thought, not of intuition. (156)
Dagegen
bin ich mir meiner selbst in der transzendentalen Synthesis des Mannigfaltigen
der Vorstellungen überhaupt, mithin in der synthetischen ursprünglichen Einheit
der Apperzeption, bewußt, nicht wie ich mir erscheine, noch wie ich an mir
selbst bin, sondern nur daß ich bin. Diese Vorstellung
ist ein Denken, nicht ein Anschauen. (B157)
However,
just like some other Concepts in Understanding, this concept of ‘I’ may turn
into an Idea of Reason, and it is given features that are not in the empirical
world. Kant believes that the existence
of ‘I’ as substance and the notion of
‘I’ as agent are such features, i.e.,
Transcendental Concepts, or possibly Transcendental
Illusions.
For
this inner perception is nothing more than the mere apperception, I think, which makes even all
transcendental concepts possible, because in them we really say: I think substance,
I think cause, etc. (317)
Denn
diese innere Wahrnehmung ist nichts weiter, als die bloße Apperzeption: Ich denke; welche sogar alle
transzendentalen Begriffe möglich macht, in welchen es heißt: Ich denke die
Substanz, die Ursache usw. (B401)
If I
can afford it, I should probably quote arguments of neuroscience of self-consciousness. Neuroscience in general are reveling that ‘I’
is not located in a particular spot of the brain and that the agent of my
action is not ‘I’ (conscious self) but nonconscious mind/body of mine. Yet, as I do not have enough time to cite
specific arguments and empirical evidence for them, please allow me to continue
to summarize Kant.
3.2 Transcendental
Subject of Thought = X
Before
the sense of ‘I’ is turned into a transcendental concept or illusion, ‘I’ in my
perception and thought is only something that accompanies them. It may not even a concept yet, but only
consciousness or thought that accompanies the content of my perception and
thought. The consciousness or thought of
‘I’ is the medium on which perception and thought are experienced. For its indeterminate nature, it may probably
be called Transcendental Subject of
Thought = X.
I, of which we
cannot even say that it is a concept, but only that it is a mere consciousness
that accompanies all concepts. Through
this I, or he, or it (the thing), which thinks, nothing is represented beyond a
transcendental subject of thoughts = X.
This subject is known only through the thoughts that are its predicates,
and apart from them we can never have the slightest concepts of it; therefore
we revolve around it in a perpetual circle, since before we can form any
judgement about it we must already use its representation. And this inconvenience is really inevitable,
because consciousness in itself is not so much a representation distinguishing
a particular object, but really a form of representation in general, insofar as
this representation is to be called knowledge; of such representation alone can
I say that I think something through it.
(319)
Ich; von der man
nicht einmal sagen kann, daß sie ein Begriff sei, sondern ein bloßes
Bewußtsein, das alle Begriffe begleitet. Durch dieses Ich, oder Er, oder Es
(das Ding), welches denkt, wird nun nichts weiter, als ein transzendentales
Subjekt der Gedanken vorgestellt = x, welches nur durch die Gedanken, die seine
Prädikate sind, erkannt wird, und wovon wir, abgesondert, niemals den mindesten
Begriff haben können; um welches wir uns daher in einem beständigen Zirkel
herumdrehen, indem wir uns seiner Vorstellung jederzeit schon bedienen müssen,
um irgend etwas von ihm zu urteilen; eine Unbequemlichkeit, die davon nicht zu
trennen ist, weil das Bewußtsein an sich nicht sowohl eine Vorstellung ist, die
ein besonderes Objekt unterscheidet, sondern eine Form derselben überhaupt,
sofern sie Erkenntnis genannt werden soll; denn von der allein kann ich sagen,
daß ich dadurch irgend etwas denke. (B404)
‘I’
is only a transcendental idea (sometimes even illusion), and it does not
correspond to any object in the empirical world. ‘I’ cannot be known empirically.
The
unity of consciousness, on which the categories are founded, is mistaken for an
intuition of the subject as object, and the category of substance is applied to
it. But this unity is only the unity in thought, by which alone no object is
given, and to which, therefore, the category of substance, which always
presupposes a given intuition,
cannot be applied. And therefore the subject
cannot be known at all. (355)
Die
Einheit des Bewußtseins, welche den Kategorien zum Grunde liegt, wird hier für
Anschauung des Subjekts als Objekts genommen, und darauf die Kategorie der
Substanz angewandt. Sie ist aber nur die Einheit im Denken, wodurch allein kein
Objekt gegeben wird, worauf also die Kategorie der Substanz, als die jederzeit
gegebene Anschauung voraussetzt, nicht angewandt, mithin dieses Subjekt gar
nicht erkannt werden kann. (B422)
Although
‘I’ as a Transcendental Idea in Reason has no object in the empirical world, ‘I’
as a Concept in Understanding, connected to the empirical world through
Intuitions in Sensibility designates for it one pure concept (‘notion) and one
object: soul and body.
I, as thinking,
am an object of inner sense, and am called soul; that which is an object of the
outer senses is called body. (316)
Ich, als denkend,
bin ein Gegenstand des inneren Sinnes, und heiße Seele. Dasjenige, was ein
Gegenstand äußerer Sinne ist, heißt Körper. (B400)
Soul
is much more mysterious than body.
Because it is a pure concept, it does not have empirical content. And yet, Reason explores this concept and
gives it transcendental features such as a simple substance, unchangeable identity,
and the fundamental power (Grundkraft)
for everything. What happens in the
empirical world of Appearance is now regarded as different from what happens
within soul.
Reason,
therefore, instead of taking from experience this concept (of what the soul is
in reality), which would not leads us very far, prefers the concept of the
empirical unity of all thought; and by thinking this unity as unconditioned and
original, reason changes this concept into a concept of reason (idea) of a
simple substance - a substance which is in itself unchangeable (personally
identical), and stands in communication with other actual things outside it; in
a word, into a concept of reason of a simple self-subsistent intelligence. In doing this, reason has before its eyes
only principles of systematic unity for the explanation of appearances of the
soul. Through these principles, all
determinations may be regarded as exisiting in one subject, all powers, as much
as possible, as derived from one fundamental power, and all changes as
belonging to the states of one and the same permanent being, while all appearances in space are represented as
totally different from the actions of thought. (557)
Statt
des Erfahrungsbegriffs also (von dem, was die Seele wirklich ist), der uns
nicht weit führen kann, nimmt die Vernunft den Begriff der empirischen Einheit
alles Denkens, und macht dadurch, daß sie diese Einheit unbedingt und
ursprünglich denkt, aus demselben einen Vernunftbegriff (Idee) von einer
einfachen Substanz, die an sich selbst unwandelbar (persönlich identisch), mit
anderen wirklichen Dingen außer ihr in Gemeinschaft stehe; mit einem Worte: von
einer einfachen selbständigen Intelligenz. Hierbei aber hat sie nichts anderes
vor Augen, als Prinzipien der systematischen Einheit in Erklärung der
Erscheinungen der Seele, nämlich: alle Bestimmungen, als in einem einigen
Subjekte, alle Kräfte, so viel möglich, als abgeleitet von einer einigen
Grundkraft, allen Wechsel, als gehörig zu den Zuständen eines und desselben
beharrlichen Wesens zu betrachten, und alle Erscheinungen im Raume, als von den Handlungen des Denkens ganz unterschieden
vorzustellen. (B710)
Below
is a summary figure about ‘I’.
*****
Summary of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
1 Introduction and Key terms
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/introduction-and-key-terms-summary-of.html
2 Transcendental ideas
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/transcendental-ideas-summary-of-kants.html
3 'I' as the transcendental subject of thoughts = X
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/i-as-transcendental-subject-of-thoughts.html
4 Freedom
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/freedom-summary-of-kants-critique-of.html
5 Principle of Pure Reason
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/principle-of-pure-reason-summary-of.html
Summary of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
1 Introduction and Key terms
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/introduction-and-key-terms-summary-of.html
2 Transcendental ideas
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/transcendental-ideas-summary-of-kants.html
3 'I' as the transcendental subject of thoughts = X
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/i-as-transcendental-subject-of-thoughts.html
4 Freedom
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/freedom-summary-of-kants-critique-of.html
5 Principle of Pure Reason
http://yosukeyanase.blogspot.jp/2012/09/principle-of-pure-reason-summary-of.html
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